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| 416 BC |
| | | The Athenians, capturing Melos, kill all the males of the island and sell the women and children into slavery | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| 405 BC |
| | | The last remaining Athenian fleet is surprised and destroyed by the Spartans in the Hellespont | |
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| 404 BC |
| | | The famous Long Walls of Athens, her impregnable defence, are dismantled by the Spartans in the final act of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 399 BC |
| | | Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock | |
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| 387 BC |
| | | Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens | |
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| 367 BC |
| | | Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Private financiers in Athens give loans, take deposits, change money from one currency to another and arrange credit for travellers | |
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| 338 BC |
| | | Philip of Macedon defeats Athens and Thebes at Chaeronaea, giving him control of Greece | |
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| -86 BC |
| | | Sulla, campaigning to the east, besieges Athens and then allows his army to loot the city | |
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